Atheromas

Atheromas, also known as sebaceous cysts or epidermoid cysts, are benign (non-cancerous) lumps or growths that develop within the skin, typically caused by the accumulation of sebum (an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands). These cysts are generally slow-growing and can be found in various parts of the body, most commonly on the face, neck, and back.

Key Features of Atheromas:

• Appearance:
  • Shape: Atheromas are typically round or oval, with a smooth surface.
  • Color: They are usually the same color as the skin or slightly yellowish, due to the sebum inside.
  • Size: They can vary in size, from small (a few millimeters) to large (several centimeters in diameter).
  • Texture: Atheromas are generally firm and movable under the skin, as they are filled with a thick, oily substance.
  • Opening: Some atheromas may have a small opening at the surface of the skin, through which the sebum can occasionally leak out, leading to the formation of a blackhead or an unpleasant odor.
• Causes:
  • Blocked Sebaceous Gland: The primary cause of an atheroma is a blocked sebaceous gland or hair follicle. When the duct that drains sebum becomes blocked, the oil accumulates, creating a cyst.
  • Trauma or Skin Injury: A previous injury or skin trauma, such as a scratch or a puncture, can lead to a cyst developing if the sebaceous gland or follicle becomes damaged.
  • Genetic Factors: In some cases, atheromas may run in families, suggesting a genetic predisposition.
  • Other Skin Conditions: Certain skin conditions, such as acne, can increase the likelihood of developing atheromas due to the involvement of sebaceous glands.
  • Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause can contribute to the formation of these cysts.
• Symptoms:
  • Painless Lump: Atheromas are often painless and may not cause any symptoms unless they become infected or inflamed.
  • Swelling or Redness: If the cyst becomes infected, it may become red, swollen, and tender to the touch. Infected cysts may also release pus.
  • Discomfort: Atheromas can sometimes cause discomfort if they are located in an area that experiences frequent friction, such as the armpits or back.
  • Unpleasant Odor: If the cyst becomes infected or ruptures, it may release a foul-smelling discharge.
  • Enlargement: Over time, some atheromas may slowly enlarge.
• Diagnosis:
  • Physical Examination: A healthcare provider typically diagnoses atheromas based on their appearance and the patient’s medical history.
  • Ultrasound: If there is any uncertainty about the nature of the cyst, an ultrasound may be used to check for other conditions or complications.
  • Biopsy: In rare cases, if the cyst does not resolve or if it shows signs of being cancerous (though this is extremely rare), a biopsy may be performed to rule out malignancy.
• Treatment:
  • Observation: If an atheroma is not causing symptoms or discomfort, it may not require treatment. In many cases, atheromas remain stable or even shrink over time.
  • Drainage: If the cyst becomes inflamed or infected, it may be drained to relieve the pressure and remove the trapped sebum. This can be done by a healthcare provider.
  • Incision and Drainage: In cases where the cyst is painful or infected, a doctor may perform a small incision to drain the cyst and relieve symptoms.
  • Surgical Removal: The definitive treatment for atheromas is surgical removal, which involves excising the entire cyst and the surrounding tissue. This prevents the cyst from returning. It is usually done under local anesthesia in a clinical setting.
  • Antibiotics: If the atheroma becomes infected, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection before further treatment is performed.
  • Steroid Injections: In some cases, corticosteroid injections may help reduce inflammation, but they do not remove the cyst.
• Prevention:
  • Good Skin Hygiene: Maintaining proper skin hygiene can help prevent blocked pores and reduce the risk of developing atheromas. Regular cleansing of the skin can help prevent the buildup of oils and dead skin cells that can lead to cyst formation.
  • Avoiding Skin Trauma: Avoiding skin injuries or trauma to areas prone to atheromas can help reduce the risk of their formation.
  • Treatment of Acne: Managing acne with appropriate treatments, such as topical medications, can help prevent the development of atheromas in areas affected by acne.
• When to Seek Medical Attention:
  • Infected or Inflamed Cyst: If the atheroma becomes painful, red, swollen, or starts to drain pus, it may be infected and require medical attention.
  • Rapid Growth: If the cyst grows rapidly or becomes unusually large, it should be evaluated by a doctor to rule out other potential conditions.
  • Recurrent Cysts: If an atheroma reoccurs after treatment or removal, further evaluation and treatment may be necessary.
  • Cosmetic Concerns: If the cyst is in a visible area and is causing cosmetic concerns, a healthcare provider can help with removal options.

Summary:

Atheromas are benign, slow-growing cysts caused by blocked sebaceous glands. They are usually painless and not dangerous, but they can become infected or enlarged. Treatment options include drainage, surgical removal, and antibiotics if the cyst becomes infected. Good skin hygiene and management of skin conditions like acne can help prevent their formation. If you have an atheroma that becomes painful, infected, or cosmetically concerning, it's best to consult a healthcare provider for advice and treatment.